The acquisition of an ex-US TENCH class submarine by Pakistan Navy in 1964 was particularly significant, not only because Pakistan became the second country after Indonesia, amongst the Indian Ocean littorals to operate a submarine, but it also brought a new dimension to naval warfare in the Indo-Pakistan context. The submarine actively participated in Indo Pak 1965 war but was lost in 1971 war while deployed on a mine laying operation off the Indian Coast.
Pakistan acquired 4 Daphne and 2 Agosta class submarines from French Navy in early 70s and late 70s respectively. The submarines were modified to fire Harpoon missiles in 1985.
The submarine force is the main strength of the PN Fleet. To strengthen it further Agosta 90 B submarine project was undertaken in early 90s. First of the three submarines PNS/M KHALID has been commissioned and reached Pakistan in 1999
So During 1965 War, India don't have any Submarine to counter Pak sub's. So PAk has naval advantage over India during 1965 war and did havoc as subs are hard to detect and brought down by Indians.
In 1971 , Pak has the operational Experence of operating Submarines from years , while on the other hand India bought FOXTROT CLASS Submarine, Type 641 to its fleet in late 60's ( before 1971) only 4 Submarine in its fleet.
a) Kalvari S23 (08 December 1967)
b) Khanderi S22 (06 December 1968)
c) Karanj S21 (04 September 1969)
d) Kursura S20 (18 December 1969)
During 1971 war India don;t have much experence of operating submarine and know about submaine and ASW. So, Pak Sub make a dent on Indian Navy during 1971 war but sank in east cost.
The Real advance of IN Submarine fleet accoured in 80's as India buyed Huge no of advance Submarines from Russia , as it came to know the power of Submarine.
Now Indian Navy has Sub Fleet of :
a) Type 877EKM - .Kilo Class ( Black Hole)
1) INS Sindhugosh S55 (30 April 1986) - Undergoing Refit
2) INS Sindhuvaj S56 (12 June 1987)
3) INS Sindhuraj S57 (20 October 1987) - Refit Complete
4) INS Sindhuvir S58 (26 August 1988) - Refit Complete
5) INS Sindhuratna S59 (22 December 1988) - Refit Complete
6) INS Sindhukesari S60 (16 February 1989) - Refit Complete
7) INS Sindhukirti S61 (04 January 1990)
8) INS Sindhuvijay S62 (08 March 1991)
9) INS Sindhurakshak S63 (24 December 1997)
10) INS Sindhushastra S65 (19 July 2000)
INS Sindhushastra is armed with the Klub-S (3M-54E) ASCM. This gives the Indian Navy, it's first under-water launched missile capability. The others will likely be fitted with the capability during their mid-life refits.
From INS Sindhuvir onwards,(1988) a shoulder-held 9M36 Strela-3 (SA-N-8) SAM launcher is placed in the fin and is used when the submarine is surfaced. The missile has a range of 3.2n miles; 6 km with a 2 kg HE-FRAG warhead and uses infra-red homing for guidance.
INS Sindhugosh arrived at Severodvinsk on 30 August 2002 and is berthed at Zvyozdochka, where she is presently undergoing a similar refit. A leading defence publication, Jane's Defence Weekly, stated that the boat might be equipped with the 3M-14E land-attack cruise missile, a member of Klub family. While exact details of these mid-life refits are not known, it is speculated that these submarines have been armed with a modern weapons suite (Klub-S ASCM), a more powerful sonar (probablyhe MGK-400EM) and improved diesel-electric motors.
http://www.clw.org/cat/newswire/nw102600.html
b) HDW 209} CLASS -Type 1500.
1) INS Shishumar S44 (22 September 1986)
2) INS Shankush S45 (20 November 1986)
3) INS Shalki S46 (07 February 1992)
4) INS Shankul S47 (28 May 1994) - undergoing refit
c) FOXTROT CLASS -
1) INS Vela S40 (31 August 1973) - In Refit
2) INS Vagli S42 (10 August 1974) - Operational
Now Indian Navy Sub fleet is consist of 10 kilo Class subs and 4 HDW and 2 FOXTROX class , with a total strength of 16 Submarines. Most of which are of 80's and 90's.
Future Projections :
12 - Scropio Subs .(AIP Systems) - Attacking Sub
5 - ATV ( India's Nuclear Submarine due to launch by 2007 and armied with AIP Syatem)
ATV : ( Nuclear Sub)The Russian crew that trained the Indian submariners have now taken key posts, probably in the Indian Naval Design Organisation, to design India's nuclear powered submarine codenamed the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV). This top secret project has facilities in New Delhi, Vizag, Hyderabad and Kalapakkam. A Naval Wing of DRDO runs the organization and since 1985 has had a retired Vice Admiral in charge. In late 2000, the ATV project was given a new lease of life with the appointment of Vice Admiral R.N. Ganesh to take charge. An experienced submariner, he commanded the Charlie I Class {INS Chakra} submarine when she was leased to India.
The hull design is ready and the displacement is estimated to be at 6000 tons. The 190 MW miniature nuclear propulsion system has been tested ashore, possibly at the Kalapakkam atomic research centre. Given the degree of Russian technical assistance, the submarine could resemble the Severodvinsk Class and/or the Akula Class. Reportedly, the submarine will have VLS tubes capable of firing multiple weapons. Fabrication has already commenced at Vizag with a laid-down date projected for 2002 and a launch date currently projected for 2007. The plan is for a class of five submarines fitted with long-range, nuclear-tipped missiles. A nuclear-capable missile (dubbed 'Sagarika' by the press) is reportedly under development at the Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE) at Bangalore, in southern India.
Russia is also providing critical inputs into the design and integration of the ATV reactor. Defense News says the Russians are pitching in with technical assistance for building the air independent propulsion system for the ATV. The ATV is expected to be operational by the year 2007 by which time India would have spent an estimated $1 bn on it.
http://www.stratmag.com/issue2Nov-15/page02.htm
http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/ATV.html
PAK NAVY Subs :
Pakistan acquired 4 Daphne and 2 Agosta class submarines from French Navy in early 70s and late 70s respectively. The submarines were modified to fire Harpoon missiles in 1985.
The submarine force is the main strength of the PN Fleet. To strengthen it further Agosta 90 B submarine project was undertaken in early 90s. First of the three submarines PNS/M KHALID has been commissioned and reached Pakistan in 1999.
The second Agosta Sub recently Launched .
Total PAK Submarine Strength is 8
Future Projections :
One more Agosta is giong to be build and will be replaced by againg daphne and other Agosta ols Sub's of early 70's.
Pak has presently 8 Submarine against India's 16 Submarines , Just double
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/navy-intro.htm
Pak Agosta has AIP system which makes it to submerge longer and can launch Underwater Missiles , harpoons. (Only Agosta , which is 2 in number )
The threat of Harpoon Misslies is nuturalise by having Anti Ship missile defence system.
Against this India has only 1 Kilo class submarine which is capabale of launching under water Anti ships missiles and also deadly undectable. But this Underwater missile firing capacity of launching Anti ship and land missiles and it is going to add during refitting of other kilo class submarines in due time.
By 2007 , India's Scorpio and ATV has AIP system and underwater missile launching cpapability , which can nuturalise PAk Navy's Advantage that presently has in its two Submarine.
So one can judge which has best Submarine fleet and which is going to be .
Here some excrapts Cdr (Retd) MUHAMMAD AZAM KHAN for PAk Navy Excersie Seaspark—2001
It only reminds one of the famous adage “War is too serious a business to be left to the Generals aloneâ€. As if these military lapses were not enough, the Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (Operations) in a recent press briefing (Dawn February 22) has ruled out any possibility of a “blockade†of Karachi port by the I.N on “technical grounds†and termed it as an Indian political publicity ploy. If memory serves us right (since we are a nation bereft of any useful memory), in its final stages it was the “threat of blockade†that eventually pulled the curtains down on Kargil and the then able-minded Prime Minister dashed to Washington to receive the concluding bashing from our masters in the Oval office. With our economy precariously placed, volatile internal situation and geo-strategic environs favouring our adversary, not much efforts were required on part of I.N towards realisation of such an objective, had it been given a go ahead then. The Indian Naval Chief later, proudly and publicly verified such a claim. What “technicalities†are involved today in such a blockade being enforced by the indians one may ask? After all, P.N Ships taking refuge behind Churna island and other merchantman at Karachi anchorage some 30 years ago was an explicit display of such an enemy mission coming dangerously close to its accomplishment
Insofar air arm of P.N is concerned, the less said the better. The entire world witnessed the blatant fashion in which our Atlantique was shot out of the skies by the Indians while operating much within its own territorial precincts as also our helplessness to draw even remote international sympathy. Not only that, the tragic incident was an illustration of the serious gaps in our Air Defence capabilities as much as the poor response of PAF (Air Defence alerts) to any threats developing at short notice. Regardless of the nature of conflict, surveillance platforms, like the ones in PN inventory, will continually require air cover for their own protection. It may, therefore, be much beyond what was said in the press briefing by the Senior Naval officer conducting the exercise.
Offcourse Indians are not fool hardy to undertake any such adventures since we have already set the stage for our own funeral. As mentioned earlier, Pakistan’s inherent weaknesses including small coastline, insignificant strategic room to manoeuvre, limited war stamina, unfavourable geo-strategic environs coupled with fragile economic condition and above all breakdown of national cohesion is all that any foe can yearn for. Alas! we always forget the Clauswitzian dictum: “War is only an extension of policy by violent meansâ€.
The recent test firings of SM 40 and AM 39 missiles notwithstanding, nuclear missiles onboard conventional Subs shall require major modifications that are, today, certainly much beyond the reach of PN marine engineers who are still struggling to test the efficacy of the prototype equipment on the newly inducted Agosta 90-B subs. And in any case the restricted endurance of a conventional Sub armed with Nukes may pose more problems than can be envisaged at this stage, particularly if the conflict or pre-hostilities phase draws out. Perhaps, the most difficult task for any naval commander, therefore, would be the timing of the deployment of his Subs.
The 1970 vintage Daphne Subs in the PN outfit have already reached the edge of their useful life. Their replacement with the three newer Agostas may not be an answer to the formidable and upcoming Indian naval might, even if considered purely for defensive purposes.
[bIndian Naval Chief in a recent interview to the Jane’s Defence weekly had following to say:
Quote “IN is a well trained and highly deployable force to deal with a nuclear conflict, capable of deploying its highly mobile strike forces to mount a multiple direction attack on enemy and also capable of meeting unpredictable and uncertain crises that India is likely to encounter in the emerging strategic environmentâ€. Unquote
http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/apr/seaspark.htm
Pakistan acquired 4 Daphne and 2 Agosta class submarines from French Navy in early 70s and late 70s respectively. The submarines were modified to fire Harpoon missiles in 1985.
The submarine force is the main strength of the PN Fleet. To strengthen it further Agosta 90 B submarine project was undertaken in early 90s. First of the three submarines PNS/M KHALID has been commissioned and reached Pakistan in 1999
So During 1965 War, India don't have any Submarine to counter Pak sub's. So PAk has naval advantage over India during 1965 war and did havoc as subs are hard to detect and brought down by Indians.
In 1971 , Pak has the operational Experence of operating Submarines from years , while on the other hand India bought FOXTROT CLASS Submarine, Type 641 to its fleet in late 60's ( before 1971) only 4 Submarine in its fleet.
a) Kalvari S23 (08 December 1967)
b) Khanderi S22 (06 December 1968)
c) Karanj S21 (04 September 1969)
d) Kursura S20 (18 December 1969)
During 1971 war India don;t have much experence of operating submarine and know about submaine and ASW. So, Pak Sub make a dent on Indian Navy during 1971 war but sank in east cost.
The Real advance of IN Submarine fleet accoured in 80's as India buyed Huge no of advance Submarines from Russia , as it came to know the power of Submarine.
Now Indian Navy has Sub Fleet of :
a) Type 877EKM - .Kilo Class ( Black Hole)
1) INS Sindhugosh S55 (30 April 1986) - Undergoing Refit
2) INS Sindhuvaj S56 (12 June 1987)
3) INS Sindhuraj S57 (20 October 1987) - Refit Complete
4) INS Sindhuvir S58 (26 August 1988) - Refit Complete
5) INS Sindhuratna S59 (22 December 1988) - Refit Complete
6) INS Sindhukesari S60 (16 February 1989) - Refit Complete
7) INS Sindhukirti S61 (04 January 1990)
8) INS Sindhuvijay S62 (08 March 1991)
9) INS Sindhurakshak S63 (24 December 1997)
10) INS Sindhushastra S65 (19 July 2000)
INS Sindhushastra is armed with the Klub-S (3M-54E) ASCM. This gives the Indian Navy, it's first under-water launched missile capability. The others will likely be fitted with the capability during their mid-life refits.
From INS Sindhuvir onwards,(1988) a shoulder-held 9M36 Strela-3 (SA-N-8) SAM launcher is placed in the fin and is used when the submarine is surfaced. The missile has a range of 3.2n miles; 6 km with a 2 kg HE-FRAG warhead and uses infra-red homing for guidance.
INS Sindhugosh arrived at Severodvinsk on 30 August 2002 and is berthed at Zvyozdochka, where she is presently undergoing a similar refit. A leading defence publication, Jane's Defence Weekly, stated that the boat might be equipped with the 3M-14E land-attack cruise missile, a member of Klub family. While exact details of these mid-life refits are not known, it is speculated that these submarines have been armed with a modern weapons suite (Klub-S ASCM), a more powerful sonar (probablyhe MGK-400EM) and improved diesel-electric motors.
http://www.clw.org/cat/newswire/nw102600.html
b) HDW 209} CLASS -Type 1500.
1) INS Shishumar S44 (22 September 1986)
2) INS Shankush S45 (20 November 1986)
3) INS Shalki S46 (07 February 1992)
4) INS Shankul S47 (28 May 1994) - undergoing refit
c) FOXTROT CLASS -
1) INS Vela S40 (31 August 1973) - In Refit
2) INS Vagli S42 (10 August 1974) - Operational
Now Indian Navy Sub fleet is consist of 10 kilo Class subs and 4 HDW and 2 FOXTROX class , with a total strength of 16 Submarines. Most of which are of 80's and 90's.
Future Projections :
12 - Scropio Subs .(AIP Systems) - Attacking Sub
5 - ATV ( India's Nuclear Submarine due to launch by 2007 and armied with AIP Syatem)
ATV : ( Nuclear Sub)The Russian crew that trained the Indian submariners have now taken key posts, probably in the Indian Naval Design Organisation, to design India's nuclear powered submarine codenamed the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV). This top secret project has facilities in New Delhi, Vizag, Hyderabad and Kalapakkam. A Naval Wing of DRDO runs the organization and since 1985 has had a retired Vice Admiral in charge. In late 2000, the ATV project was given a new lease of life with the appointment of Vice Admiral R.N. Ganesh to take charge. An experienced submariner, he commanded the Charlie I Class {INS Chakra} submarine when she was leased to India.
The hull design is ready and the displacement is estimated to be at 6000 tons. The 190 MW miniature nuclear propulsion system has been tested ashore, possibly at the Kalapakkam atomic research centre. Given the degree of Russian technical assistance, the submarine could resemble the Severodvinsk Class and/or the Akula Class. Reportedly, the submarine will have VLS tubes capable of firing multiple weapons. Fabrication has already commenced at Vizag with a laid-down date projected for 2002 and a launch date currently projected for 2007. The plan is for a class of five submarines fitted with long-range, nuclear-tipped missiles. A nuclear-capable missile (dubbed 'Sagarika' by the press) is reportedly under development at the Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE) at Bangalore, in southern India.
Russia is also providing critical inputs into the design and integration of the ATV reactor. Defense News says the Russians are pitching in with technical assistance for building the air independent propulsion system for the ATV. The ATV is expected to be operational by the year 2007 by which time India would have spent an estimated $1 bn on it.
http://www.stratmag.com/issue2Nov-15/page02.htm
http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/ATV.html
PAK NAVY Subs :
Pakistan acquired 4 Daphne and 2 Agosta class submarines from French Navy in early 70s and late 70s respectively. The submarines were modified to fire Harpoon missiles in 1985.
The submarine force is the main strength of the PN Fleet. To strengthen it further Agosta 90 B submarine project was undertaken in early 90s. First of the three submarines PNS/M KHALID has been commissioned and reached Pakistan in 1999.
The second Agosta Sub recently Launched .
Total PAK Submarine Strength is 8
Future Projections :
One more Agosta is giong to be build and will be replaced by againg daphne and other Agosta ols Sub's of early 70's.
Pak has presently 8 Submarine against India's 16 Submarines , Just double
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/navy-intro.htm
Pak Agosta has AIP system which makes it to submerge longer and can launch Underwater Missiles , harpoons. (Only Agosta , which is 2 in number )
The threat of Harpoon Misslies is nuturalise by having Anti Ship missile defence system.
Against this India has only 1 Kilo class submarine which is capabale of launching under water Anti ships missiles and also deadly undectable. But this Underwater missile firing capacity of launching Anti ship and land missiles and it is going to add during refitting of other kilo class submarines in due time.
By 2007 , India's Scorpio and ATV has AIP system and underwater missile launching cpapability , which can nuturalise PAk Navy's Advantage that presently has in its two Submarine.
So one can judge which has best Submarine fleet and which is going to be .
Here some excrapts Cdr (Retd) MUHAMMAD AZAM KHAN for PAk Navy Excersie Seaspark—2001
It only reminds one of the famous adage “War is too serious a business to be left to the Generals aloneâ€. As if these military lapses were not enough, the Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (Operations) in a recent press briefing (Dawn February 22) has ruled out any possibility of a “blockade†of Karachi port by the I.N on “technical grounds†and termed it as an Indian political publicity ploy. If memory serves us right (since we are a nation bereft of any useful memory), in its final stages it was the “threat of blockade†that eventually pulled the curtains down on Kargil and the then able-minded Prime Minister dashed to Washington to receive the concluding bashing from our masters in the Oval office. With our economy precariously placed, volatile internal situation and geo-strategic environs favouring our adversary, not much efforts were required on part of I.N towards realisation of such an objective, had it been given a go ahead then. The Indian Naval Chief later, proudly and publicly verified such a claim. What “technicalities†are involved today in such a blockade being enforced by the indians one may ask? After all, P.N Ships taking refuge behind Churna island and other merchantman at Karachi anchorage some 30 years ago was an explicit display of such an enemy mission coming dangerously close to its accomplishment
Insofar air arm of P.N is concerned, the less said the better. The entire world witnessed the blatant fashion in which our Atlantique was shot out of the skies by the Indians while operating much within its own territorial precincts as also our helplessness to draw even remote international sympathy. Not only that, the tragic incident was an illustration of the serious gaps in our Air Defence capabilities as much as the poor response of PAF (Air Defence alerts) to any threats developing at short notice. Regardless of the nature of conflict, surveillance platforms, like the ones in PN inventory, will continually require air cover for their own protection. It may, therefore, be much beyond what was said in the press briefing by the Senior Naval officer conducting the exercise.
Offcourse Indians are not fool hardy to undertake any such adventures since we have already set the stage for our own funeral. As mentioned earlier, Pakistan’s inherent weaknesses including small coastline, insignificant strategic room to manoeuvre, limited war stamina, unfavourable geo-strategic environs coupled with fragile economic condition and above all breakdown of national cohesion is all that any foe can yearn for. Alas! we always forget the Clauswitzian dictum: “War is only an extension of policy by violent meansâ€.
The recent test firings of SM 40 and AM 39 missiles notwithstanding, nuclear missiles onboard conventional Subs shall require major modifications that are, today, certainly much beyond the reach of PN marine engineers who are still struggling to test the efficacy of the prototype equipment on the newly inducted Agosta 90-B subs. And in any case the restricted endurance of a conventional Sub armed with Nukes may pose more problems than can be envisaged at this stage, particularly if the conflict or pre-hostilities phase draws out. Perhaps, the most difficult task for any naval commander, therefore, would be the timing of the deployment of his Subs.
The 1970 vintage Daphne Subs in the PN outfit have already reached the edge of their useful life. Their replacement with the three newer Agostas may not be an answer to the formidable and upcoming Indian naval might, even if considered purely for defensive purposes.
[bIndian Naval Chief in a recent interview to the Jane’s Defence weekly had following to say:
Quote “IN is a well trained and highly deployable force to deal with a nuclear conflict, capable of deploying its highly mobile strike forces to mount a multiple direction attack on enemy and also capable of meeting unpredictable and uncertain crises that India is likely to encounter in the emerging strategic environmentâ€. Unquote
http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/apr/seaspark.htm
